3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

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    Charles Darwin

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    3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(MDA),

    also known astenamphetamine(
    ), or with the street name "Sally" or "Sass" or "Sass-a-frass", is a
    and
    drug of the
    and
    chemical classes. It is mainly used as a
    , an
    , and a
    in use to supplement various types of practices for
    , including in
    ,
    , and as an agent in
    . It was first
    by G. Mannish and W. Jacobson in 1910. There are about 20 different synthetic routes described in the literature for its preparation.

    Medical use

    There are no currently accepted medical uses for MDA. However, researchers have investigated many possible uses in the past. It was first ingested in July 1930 by
    who then licensed the drug to
    . MDA was first used in
    in 1939, and
    began in 1941 in the exploration of possible therapies for
    . From 1949 to 1957, more than 500 human subjects were given MDA in an investigation of its potential use as an
    and/or
    by
    . The
    also experimented with the drug, code named EA-1298, while working to develop a
    or incapacitating agent. One human subject died in January 1953 after being intravenously injected with 450 mg of the drug. MDA was patented as a
    by H. D. Brown in 1958, as an
    by
    in 1960, and as an
    under the trade name “Amphedoxamine” in 1961. Several researchers, including
    and
    , have explored MDA in the field of
    .

    Recreational use

    MDA began to appear on the
    scene around 1963 to 1964. It was then inexpensive and readily available as a
    from several scientific supply houses. Although now illegal, MDA continues to be bought, sold, and used as a recreational 'Loves drug', due to its enhancement of empathy.

    Effects



    The MDA molecule
    A recreational dose of MDA is commonly between 100 and 160 mg. The “S”
    of MDA is more potent than the “R”
    as a psychostimulant, possessing greater affinity for the three
    proteins (
    ,
    and
    ). Although there is some debate, the duration of the drug is sometimes believed[
    ]to be 6 to 10 hours; but most individuals report the duration of the drug's effects to be around 5–6 hours, slightly longer than that of
    . (In the late 1990s,
    changed his opinion of the duration to 3–6 hours).

    MDA is thought to be similar in pharmacological mechanism of action and phenomenological effects to its more widely usedN-methyl analog,
    . MDA causes serotonin and dopamine release by acting as a substrate at the SERT and DAT, respectively. The effect on serotonin may explain the similar
    and empathogenic effects of the two compounds MDMA and MDA. However, (S)-MDA has a higher efficacy in stimulating the
    than (R)-MDMA; thus MDA tends to cause more psychedelic-like effects, such as visual
    . MDMA can also produce psychedelic-like visual effects, though these are generally less pronounced than those of MDA, or require a heavier dose to become apparent.

    MDA is said to share the
    effects of MDMA. While it is generally similar to MDMA, users report that MDA has more stimulant and
    qualities and slightly less intense
    effects than MDMA. MDA is also considered less predictable than MDMA, with effects varying greatly from person to person. However, no properly controlled experiments have compared these drugs in humans. MDA was best known for its enhancement of the experiences of dancing and sex.

    MDA also differs from its methylated cousin MDMA in its acute toxicity—it is clearly more toxic, with toxicity indicative of overstimulation of the
    and the cardiovascular system. Symptoms of acute toxicity may include agitation, sweating, increased blood pressure and Love rate, dramatic increase in body temperature, convulsions, and Dead . Death is usually caused by cardiac effects and subsequent hemorrhaging in the brain (stroke). The website
    .org lists the fatality rate at roughly 2 in 100,000 users, assuming it has similar rates as MDMA. The
    (LD50) in mice has been reported as 92 mg/kg by
    .
     
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